“MAS A QUE CUSTO?”
SAÚDE MENTAL E BEM-ESTAR DE MULHERES IMIGRANTES RACIALIZADAS NOS CORREDORES UNIVERSITÁRIOS DO VELHO MUNDO
Visualizações: 134Keywords:
Racialized immigrant women; Stigma; Well-being; Mental health; University.Abstract
This article, a result of intersectional and socio-ecological research stemming from a partnership between the Andalusian Women's Institute (IAM) and the University of Seville (US), discusses the impacts on the mental health and well-being of immigrant women at the University of Seville (US). The discussion, focusing on the daily experiences of students, professor, and/or administrative staff, points to historical power dynamics, particularly at the intersection with the categories of gender and race. The considerations presented here are derived from fourteen interviews with racialized immigrant women, structured around a SWOT+P analysis, in dialogue with the ecological model at its four levels, in order to identify in these women's accounts: internalized oppression; relational discrimination; community/organizational discrimination; and, as a final category, socio-political discrimination. The interview results point to historically persistent structural barriers, revealing contexts of discrimination, stress, and loneliness experienced by migrant women at the US. These contexts are felt to a greater or lesser degree depending on the length of stay at the university and, more importantly, on the economic stability they experience in relation to their place there. Despite the challenges, all respondents demonstrated protagonism and resilience, including in proposing culturally sensitive initiatives that foster the welcoming, inclusion, and well-being of the academic community, especially the foreign community that accesses the university.
References
AGER, Alastair; STRANG, Alison. Understanding Integration: A Conceptual Framework. Journal of Refugee Studies; Volume 21, número 2, pp. 166–191, Junho, 2008. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fen016
ALMEIDA, Silvio. Racismo estrutural. São Paulo: Pólen, 2019.
ARAÚJO, T. B. Suicídio, política e sociedade: elementos para uma Suicidologia Crítica. In: LIMA, Luana (Org.); Navasconi, Paulo Vitor Palma (Org.). (Re)pensando o suicídio: subjetividades, interseccionalidade e saberes pluriepistêmicos. 1. ed. Salvador: Edufba, 2022.
BOURDIEU, Pierre. O poder simbólico. 16. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Bertrand Brasil, 2011.
BRADY, S. E.; & STEVENS, M. C. Is immigration a culture? A qualitative approach to exploring immigrant student experiences within the United States. Translational Issues in Psychological Science, 5(1), 17-28, 2019. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1037/tps0000187
CABIESES, B.; BELO, K.; CALDERÓN, A. C.; RADA, I.; ROJAS, K.; ARAOZ, C.; & KNIPPER, M. (2024). The impact of stigma and discrimination-based narratives in the health of migrants in Latin America and the Caribbean: a scoping review. The Lancet Regional Health–Americas, 40, 2024. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lana.2023.100660
CARNEIRO, Sueli. Racismo, sexismo e desigualdade no Brasil. São Paulo: Selo Negro, 2003.
CENTER FOR COLLEGIATE MENTAL HEALTH (CCMH). 2017 Annual Report. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University, 2017. Disponível em: https://ccmh.psu.edu/assets/docs/2017_CCMH_Report-1r4m88x.pdf
COLLINS, Patricia Hill. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. New York: Routledge, 1990.
COOK, B.; ALEGRÍA, M.; LIN, J.Y.; GUO, J. Pathways and correlates connecting Latinos' mental health with exposure to the United States. Am J Public Health. Dec;99(12):2247-54, 2009.
CRENSHAW, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1 (1989), 139–167, 1989. Disponível em: https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1052&context=uclf
CUBERO, A., & GARRIDO, R.“Ain’t I a Woman?”: Feminist Participatory Action-Research with African Migrant Women Living in Spain. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 24, 1611-1634, 2023. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-023-01020-0
GONZALEZ, Lélia. Lugar de negro. Rio de Janeiro: Marco Zero, 1988.
GONZÁLEZ REY, F. L. A pesquisa e o tema da subjetividade em educação. In: Anais da 24ª. Reunião Anual da ANPEd. Outubro 2001.
ESNARD, T. & COBB-ROBERTS, D. Breaching the walls of academe: The case of five Afro-caribbean immigrant women within United States institutions of higher education. Multidisciplinary Journal of Gender Studies, 8(3), 206-233, 2019. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.17583/generos.2019.4726
FANON, Frantz. Pele negra, máscaras brancas. Salvador: Ed. UFBA, 2008
FLOR DO NASCIMENTO, W. Prefácio: Mortificando a vida, politizando a morte. In: LIMA, Luana. Deverei velar pelo Outro? Suicídio, estigma e economia dos cuidados. Belo Horizonte: Editora Dialética, 2020b.
GHOSH, D. & BARBER, K. The gender of multiculturalism: Cultural tokenism and the institutional isolation of immigrant women faculty. Sociological Perspectives, 64(6) 1063–1080, 2021. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1177/0731121420981098
HARRIS, A.; MARLOWE, J.; & NYUON, N. Gains and losses: African Australian women and higher education. Journal of Sociology, 51(2), 370-384, 2015. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1177/1440783314536792
hooks, b. Feminist theory: From margin to center. South End Press, 1984.
HOYT, C. L.; LUNDBERG, K. B.; LAUBER, M.; WALLACE, H.; & MARSTON, A. When coupled with anti-egalitarianism, colour evasion predicts protection of the status quo during a university-wide movement for racial justice. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 33(5), 1211-1224, 2023. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2726
HUMBERT, A. L. & STRID, S. Institutional confidence, underreporting and academic consequences of gender-based violence among university staff and students in Europe. Studies in Higher Education, 1–16, 2024. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2024.2440544
JIMÉNEZ, R. Diseño y desafíos metodológicos de la investigación feminista en ciencias sociales. Empiria. Revista De Metodología De Ciencias Sociales, 50, 177-200, 2021. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5944/empiria.50.2021.30376
JONES C. P. Levels of racism: a theoretic framework and a gardener’s tale. American journal of public health, 90(8), 1212–1215, 2000. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.90.8.1212
KINZIE, J. L et al. Women Students at Coeducational and Women's Colleges: How Do Their Experiences Compare? Journal of College Student Development. Volume 48, número 2, pp. 145-165, Março/Abril, 2007.
KIRMAYER L.J. et. al. Common mental health problems in immigrants and refugees: general approach in primary care. CMAJ. Sep 6;183(12):E959-67, 2011. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20603342/
KOCHHAR-BRYANT, C. A. ‘Higher Education as an Instrument of Social Inclusion for Displaced Students and Refugees’. In Arar, K., Haj-Yehia, K., Ross, D. B., and Kondakci, Y. (eds.), Higher education challenges for migrant and refugee students in a global world. New York: Peter Lang, 2019.
LAWLESS, B.; & CHEN, Y. W. Multicultural neoliberalism and academic labor: Experiences of female immigrant faculty in the US academy. Cultural Studies: Critical Methodologies, 17(3), 236-243, 2017. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1177/1532708616672688
LIMA, Luana. Suicídio como um ethos do neoliberalismo? In: LIMA, Luana (Org.); Navasconi, Paulo Vitor Palma (Org.). (Re)pensando o suicídio: subjetividades, interseccionalidade e saberes pluriepistêmicos. 1. ed. Salvador: Edufba, 2022.
LINK, B. G., & PHELAN, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27(1), 363-385, 2001 Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363
LINK, B. G., & PHELAN, J. C. Stigma and its public health implications. The Lancet, 367(9509), 528-529, 2006. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68184-1
MÄHLCK, P. Academic women with migrant background in the global knowledge economy: Bodies, hierarchies and resistance. Women's Studies International Forum, 36(4), 65-74, 2013. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2012.09.007
MBEMBE, Achille. Necropolítica. 3.ed. São Paulo: n-1, 2018.
MILLNER, N. Routing the camp: experiential authority in a politics of irregular migration. Journal of Political Power, 6:1, 87-105, 2016. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2158379X.2013.774978
OLIVEIRA, N.; FLOR DO NASCIMENTO, W. Modernidade, Colonialidade e Imperialismo Moral: manutenção de status quo na relação entre países centrais e periféricos. RBB. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE BIOÉTICA, v. 14, p. 1-13, 2018.
STEBLETON, M. J. (2011). Understanding Immigrant College Students: Applying a Developmental Ecology Framework to the Practice of Academic Advising. NACADA Journal,31(1), 42-54, 2011. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.12930/0271-9517-31.1.42
SUÁREZ-OROZCO. C.; YOSHIKAWA, H.; TERANISHI, R.T.; & SUÁREZ-OROZCO, M.M. Crescendo nas sombras: As implicações do status de não autorizado para o desenvolvimento. Harvard Educational Review, 81(3), 438–473, 2011.
TAY, L. Building Community Well-Being in Higher Education: An Introduction to the Special Issue. International Journal of Community Well-Being, 4, 461–466, 2021. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42413-021-00144-4
Tetteh, L.N.O., Zaier, A. & Maina, F. Navigating uncharted paths to the American professoriate: Experiences of immigrant black female faculty. Journal for Multicultural Education, 17(1), 83-93, 2023. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1108/JME-04-2022-0046
TRILLIANI, C.; RÚDÓLFSDÓTTIR, A. G.; & BRUNILA, K. (2023). ‘Pushing or excluding the immigrants wouldn’t help in the learning process, you know’: An intersectional analysis of immigrant women’s higher education experiences. Whiteness and Education, 1-17, 2023. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1080/23793406.2023.2216704
UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (UNDP). Annual Report 2018, 2018. https://www.undp.org/publications/undp-annual-report-2018
VERILE, M. G., ERTL, M. M., DILLON, F. R., & DE LA ROSA, M. Acculturative stress among Latina young adult immigrants: The mediating role of receiving community context. Translational Issues in Psychological Science, 5(1), 91-110, 2019. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1037/tps0000185