Plants´ responses to pathogen attack: a biochemical approach
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36704/cipraxis.v16i31.6496Keywords:
Fitopatógenos, Defesa química, Metabólitos secundáriosAbstract
Plants are susceptible to the pathogens attack all the time, which use different strategies of invasion. Thus, plants have developed different defense mechanisms and when they activated, it triggers appropriate responses in an adaptative way of pre and post-formed barriers. The synthesis of exopolysaccharides, toxins, cell wall degradation enzymes and the production of plant hormones are examples of chemical replies. The mechanisms developed by plants are of biotechnological interest, as they provide knowledge about natural agents of defense against pests that may threaten the development of some crops, and they consequently decrease the use of chemical agents as agricultural chemical. In this review we discuss how plants chemically defend themselves against pathogens in a natural or induced way, as well as we relate the major mechanisms of infection and chemical substances developed by phytopathogens.
References
ACAMOVIC, T.; BROOKER, J. D. Bioquímica de metabólitos secundários de plantas e seus efeitos em animais. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, [s. l.], v. 64, n. 3, p. 403-412, 2005.
AGRIOS, G. N. Plant Pathology. (4ª ed.). San Diego: Academic Press, p. 635, 1997.
AGRIOS, G. N. Plant Pathology. (5ª ed.). USA: Elsevier Academic Press, 2005.
ARAÚJO, F. F.; HENNING, A.; HUNGRIA, M. Phytohormones and antibiotics produced by Bacillus subtilis and their effects on seed pathogenic fungi and on soybean root development. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Dordrecht, [s. l.], v. 21, p.1639-1645, 2005. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11274-005-3621-x.
BATISTA, T. F. C.; ALVES, K. F.; SANTOS-FILHO, B. G.; RODRIGUES, R. C.; OLIVEIRA, F. C.; TAVARES, A. E. B. Ocorrência de fungos e nematoides fitopatogênicos em áreas reflorestadas pela Petrobrás oriundas da exploração petrolífera no município de Coari, Amazônia. Revista de Ciências Agrárias, [s. l.], v. 47, p. 163-171, 2007.
BERINI, J. L.; BROCKMAN, S. A.; HEGEMAN, A. D.; REICH, P. B.; MUTHUKRISHNAN, R.; MONTGOMERY, R. A.; FORESTER, J. D. Combinations of abiotic factors differentially alter production of plant secondary metabolites in five woody plant species in the boreal-temperature transition zone. Frontiers in Plant Science, [s. l.], v. 9, 2018. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01257.
BERTOLDO, E.; MAZARO, S. M. β-1,3 Glucanases: uma revisão sob a ótica da defesa vegetal. Scientia Agraria Paranaensis, [s. l.], v. 17, n. 1, p. 1-13, 2018. Disponível em: https://e-revista.unioeste.br/index.php/scientiaagraria/article/view/17979.
BERTOZZI, C. R.; KIESSLING, L. Chemical glycobiology. Science, [s. l.], v. 291, p. 2357-2364, 2001. Disponível em: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1059820.
BLOEM, E.; HANEKLAUS, S.; SCHNUG, E. Significance of sulphur compounds in the protection of plants against pests and diseases. Journal of Plant Nutrition, [s. l.], v. 28, p. 763-784, 2005. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1081/PLN-200055532.
BONALDO, S. M.; PASCHOLATI, S. F.; ROMEIRO, R. Indução de Resistência: Noções Básicas e Perspectivas. In: CAVALCANTI, L. S.; DI PIERO, R. M.; CIA, P.; PASCHOLATI, S. F.; RESENDE, M. L. V.; ROMEIRO, R. S. Indução de resistência em plantas a patógenos e insetos. Piracicaba: FEALQ, p. 11-28, 2005.
BONATO, M. C. Homeopatia em modelos vegetais. Cultura Homeopática, [s. l.], v. 21, p. 24-28, 2007.
BORGES, L. P.; AMORIM, V. A. Metabólitos Secundários de Plantas. Revista Agrotecnologia, Ipameri, v. 11, n. 1, p. 54-67, 2020.
CHAKRABORTY, S.; MOEDER, W.; YOSHIOKA, K. Plant Immunity. Reference Module in Life Sciences, Toronto, 2017. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-809633-8.12154-5.
CHRISTENSEN, A. B.; CHO, B. H.; NAESBY, M., GREGERSEN, P. L.; BRANDT, J.; MADRIZ-ORDEÑANA, K.; COLLINGE, D. B.; THORDAL-CHRISTENSEN, H. The molecular characterization of two barley proteins establishes the novel PR-17 family of pathogenesis-related proteins. Molecular Plant Pathology, [s. l.], v. 3, n. 3, p. 135-144, 2002. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1364-3703.2002.00105.x.
CONTRATH, U.; BECKERS, G. J. M.; FLORS, V.; GARCIA-AUGUSTÍN, P.; JAKAB, G.; MAUCH, F. Priming: getting ready for battle. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, [s. l.], v. 19, p. 1062-1071, 2006. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-19-1062.
DALLAGNOL, L. J.; ARAÚJO FILHO, J. V. Uma visão geral da resistência genética da planta a microrganismos. In: DALLAGNOL, L. J (Org.). Resistência Genética: de plantas a patógenos (E-book). Pelotas: UFPel, 2018.
EBRAHIM, S.; KALIDINDI, U.; SINGH, B. Pathogenesis related (PR) proteins in plant defense mechanism. Science against microbial pathogens: communicating current research and technological advances, [s. l.], v. 2, p. 1043-1054, 2011.
FAKHRI, S.; MORADI, S. Z.; FARZAEI, M. H.; BISHAYEE, A. Modulation of dysregulated cancer metabolism by plant secondary metabolites: a mechanistic review. Seminars in Cancer Biology, [s. l.], v. 80, p. 276-305, 2020. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.02.007.
FANG, C.; FERNIE, A. R.; LUO, J. Exploring the diversity of plant metabolism. Trends Plant Science, [s. l], v. 24, p. 83-98, 2019. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2018.09.006.
FERNANDES, C. F.; VIEIRA JÚNIOR, J.R.; SILVA, DSG.; REIS, ND; ANTUNES JUNIOR, H. Mecanismos de defesa de plantas contra o ataque de agentes fitopatogênicos. Embrapa Rondônia, 2009. Disponível em: https://abre.ai/mecanismosdedefesavegetal.
FREEMAN, B. C.; BEATTIE, G. A. An overview of plant defenses against pathogens and herbivores. The Plant Health Instructor, [s. l.], 12p., 2008. Disponível em: https://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHI-I-2008-450226-01.
GARCION, C.; LAMOTTE, O.; MÉTRAUX, J. P. Mechanisms of defence to pathogens: biochemistry and physiology. In: WALTERS, D.; NEWTON, A.; LYON, G. (Eds.). Induced resistance for plant defence - a sustainable approach to crop protection. Oxford: Blackwell, p. 109-132, 2007.
GAUR, R. K.; HOHN, T.; SHARMA, P. Plant vírus-host interation: molecular approaches and viral Evolution. Waltham: Academic Press, 401p, 2014.
GERSHENZON, J.; CROTEAU, R. Terpenoids. In: Rosenthal, G. A.; Berenbaum, M. R. (Eds.). Herbivores: their interaction with secondary plant metabolites. (2ª ed). San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 165-219,1991.
GLOBO-NETO, L.; LOPES, N. P. Plantas Medicinais: fatores de influência no conteúdo de metabólitos secundários. Química Nova, [s. l.], v. 30, n. 2, p. 374-381, 2007. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422007000200026.
GRUBB, C. D.; ABEL, S. Glucosinolate metabolism and its control. Trends in Plant Science, [s. l.], v. 11, p. 89-100, 2006. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2005.12.006.
GUERRIERI, A.; DONG, L.; BOUWMEESTER, H. J. (2019). Role and exploitation of underground chemical signaling in plants. Pest Management Science, [s. l], v. 75, p. 2455-2463, 2019. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.5507.
HALLIWELL, B. Reactive species and antioxidants. Redox biology is a fundamental theme of aerobic life. Plant Physiology, [s. l.], v. 141, n. 2, p. 312-322, 2006. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.106.077073.
HAMMOND-KOSACK, K. E.; JONES, J. D. G. Resistance gene-dependent plant defense responses. Plant Cell, [s. l.], v. 8, p. 1773-1791, 1996. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.8.10.1773.
HEGEDUS, A.; ERDEI, S. HORVÁTH, G. Comparative studies of H2O2 detoxifying enzymes in green and greening barley seedlings under cadmium stress. Plant Science, [s. l.], v. 160, p. 1085-1093, 2001. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(01)00330-2.
ISAH, T. Stress and defense responses in plant secondary metabolites production. Biological Research, [s. l.], v. 52, n. 39, p. 52-39, 2019. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40659-019-0246-3.
JONES, J. D. G.; DANGL, J. L. The plant immune system. Nature, [s. l]., v. 444, p. 323-329, 2006. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05286.
KOMBRINK, E.; SOMSSICH, I. E. Pathogenesis-related proteins and plant defense. In: CARROLL, TUDZYNSKI (Ed.). The Mycota V Part A. Plant Relationships. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, p. 107-128, 1997.
KOSMACZ, M.; SOKOLOWSKA, E. M.; BOUZAA, S.; SKIRYCZ, A. Towards a functional understanding of the plant metabolome. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, [s. l.], v. 55, p. 47-51, 2020. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2020.02.005.
KROYMANN, J. Natural diversity and adaptation in plant secondary metabolism. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, [s. l.], v. 14, n. 3, 2011. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2011.03.021.
LEITE, B. Reconhecimento e transdução de sinais moleculares em interações plantas-fungos patogênicos. Revisão Anual de Patologia de Plantas, [s. l.], v. 5, p. 235-280, 1997.
LICHTENTHALER, H. K. The 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis in plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, [s. l.], v. 50, p. 47-65, 1999. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.50.1.47.
MAC KEY, J. Genetic interaction and breeding strategies in relation to fungal cereal diseases. In: SIDDIQUI, K. A.; FARUQUI, A. M. New genetical approaches to crop improvement. Karaehi, p. 503-525, 1986.
MAZID, M.; KHAN, T. A.; MOHAMMAD, F. Role of secondary metabolites in defense mechanisms of plants. Biology and Medicine, [s. l.], v. 3, n. 2, p. 232-249, 2011. Disponível em: https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/open-access/role-of-secondary-metabolites-in-defense-mechanisms-of-plants-0974-8369-3-128.pdf.
MEHDY, M. C. Active oxygen species in plant defense against pathogens. Plant Physiology, [s. l.], v. 105, p. 467-472, 1994. Disponível em: http://doi.org/0.1104/pp.105.2.467.
MÉLO-FILHO, L. R.; GUENTHER, M. A Resistência sistêmica induzida como alternativa sustentável ao uso de agrotóxicos. Revista em Agronegócio e Meio Ambiente, [s. l.], v. 8, p. 27-38, 2015. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.17765/2176-9168.2015v8nEd.esp.p27-38.
MOURA, G. S.; FRANZENER, G.; STANGARLIN, J. R.; SCHWAN-ESTRADA, K. R. F. Atividade antimicrobiana e indutora de fitoalexinas do hidrolato de carqueja [Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC.]. Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais, [s. l.], v. 16, p. 309-315, 2014. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-084X/10_121.
NCUBE, B.; VAN STADEN, J. Tilting plant metabolism for improved metabolite biosynthesis and enhanced human benefit. Molecules, [s. l.], v. 20, n. 7, p. 12698-731, 2015. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules200712698.
PAIVA, S. R.; ALBUQUERQUE, M. S. M.; SALOMÃO, A. N.; JOSÉ, S. C. B. R.; MOREIRA, J. R. Recursos Genéticos: o produtor pergunta, a Embrapa responde. Embrapa Brasília, 2019. Disponível em: https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/inovacao/bioinsumos/publicacoes/500-perguntas-recursos-geneticos-ed-01-2019-1.pdf.
PIASECKA, A.; JEDRZEJCZAK-REY, N.; BEDNAREK, P. Secondary metabolites in plant innate immunity: conserved function of divergent chemicals. New Phytologist, [s. l.], v. 206, p. 948-964, 2015. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13325.
RAI, M.; RAI, A.; KAWANO, N.; YOSHIMATSU, K.; TAKAHASHI, H.; SUZUKI, H.; KAWAHARA, N.; SAITO, K.; YAMAZAKI, M. De Novo RNA Sequencing and expression analysis of Aconitum carmichaelii to analyze key genes involved in the biosynthesis of diterpene alkaloids. Molecules, [s. l.], v. 22, p. 2155, 2017. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22122155.
RESENDE, M. L. V.; SALGADO, S. M. L.; CHAVES, Z. M. Espécies ativas de oxigênio na resposta de defesa de plantas e patógenos. Fitopatologia Brasileira, [s. l.], v. 28, p. 123-130, 2003. Disponível em: https://www.scielo.br/j/fb/a/SJhZbnN94KKSksvg9TKy4Zb/?format=pdf&lang=pt.
ROSENTHAL, G. A.; BERENBAUM, M. R. Herbivores: Their interaction with secondary plant metabolites (2ª ed.). San Diego: Academic Press, 1992.
SCHWAN-ESTRADA, K.; STANGARLIN, R.; PASCHOLATI, S. F. Mecanismos bioquímicos de defesa vegetal. In: PASCHOLATI, S. F.; LEITE, B.; SCHWAN-ESTRADA, K. R. F. Extratos vegetais e de cogumelos no controle de doenças de plantas. Horticultura Brasileira, v. 27, p. 4038-4045, 2009.
SILVA, R. A.; REIS, V. M.; BALDANI, J. I.; OLIVARES, F. L. Defesa de Plantas contra o ataque de fitopatógenos. Documentos 250. Embrapa Rio de Janeiro, 56p. 2008. Disponível em: https://www.infoteca.cnptia.embrapa.br/bitstream/doc/630318/1/doc250.pdf.
SILVA, A. A.; GONÇALVES, R. C. Espécies reativas do oxigênio e as doenças respiratórias em grandes animais. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, v. 40, n. 4, p. 994-1002, 2010. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782010005000037.
SIMÕES, C. M. O.; SCHENKEL, E. P.; GOSMANN, G.; MELLO, J. C. P.; MENTZ, L. A.; PETROVICK, P. R. Farmacognosia: da planta ao medicamento. (6ª ed.). Florianópolis: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 1102 p., 2010.
SOARES, A. M. S.; MACHADO, O. L. T. Defesa de plantas: sinalização química e espécies reativas de oxigênio. Revista Trópica - Ciências Agrárias e Biológicas, [s. l.], v. 1, n. 1, p. 9, 2007.
STANGARLIN, J. R.; KUHN, O. J.; TOLEDO, M. V.; PORTZ, R. L.; SCHWAN-ESTRADA, K. R. F.; PASCHOLATI, S. F. A defesa vegetal contra fitopatógenos. Scientia Agraria Paranaenis, [s. l.]., v. 10, n. 1, p. 18-46, 2011. Disponível em: https://e-revista.unioeste.br/index.php/scientiaagraria/article/view/5268.
STRANGE, R. N.; SCOTT, P. R. Plant diseases: a threat to global food security. Plant Disease: A Threat to Global Food Security, [s. l.], v. 43, p. 83-116, 2005. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.113004.133839.
SUTHERLAND, I. W. Microbial polysaccharides from gram-negative bacteria. International Dairy Journal, [s. l.]., v. 11, n. 9, p. 663-674, 2001. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-6946(01)00112-1.
TAIZ, L.; ZEIGER, E. Fisiologia e Desenvolvimento Vegetal. (6ª ed.). Porto Alegre: Artmed, 918p., 2017.
THAKUR, A.; VERMA, S.; REDDY, V. P.; SHARMA, D. Hypersensitive responses in plants. Agricultural Reviews, [s. l.]., v. 4, n. 2, p. 113-120, 2019. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.R-1858.
THOMPSON, J. E.; LEGGE, R. L.; BARBER, R. F. The role of free radicals in senescence and wounding. New Phytologist, [s. l.], v. 105, n. 3, p. 317-344, 1987. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1987.tb00871.x.
ULLRICH, C. I.; ALONI, R.; SAEED, M. E. M.; ULLRICH, W.; EFFERTH, T. Comparison between tumors in plants and human beings: mechanisms of tumor development and therapy with secondary plant metabolites. Phytomedicine, [s. l.], v. 64, 2019. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2019.153081.
VANETTEN, H. D.; MANSFIELD, J. W.; BAILEY, J. A.; FARMER, E. E. Two classes of plant antibiotics: phytoalexins versus “phytoantecipins”. Plant Cell, [s. l.], v. 6, p. 1191-1192, 1994. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.6.9.1191.
VLOT, A. C.; DEMPSEY, D. M. A.; KLESSIG, D. F. Salicylic acid, a multifaceted hormone to combat disease. Annual Review of Phytopathology, [s. l.], v. 47, n. 1, p. 177-206, 2009. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.050908.135202.
WAKSMUNDZKA-HAJNOS, M.; SHERMA, J.; KOWALSKA, T. Thin layer chromatography in phitochemistry. Chromatographic Science Series, Boca Raton: CRC Press, v. 99, 896p., 2008.
WALTERS, D. R. Plant defense - warding off attack by pathogens, herbivores and parasitic plants. (1ª ed.). Willey-Blackwell, 2011a.
WALTERS, D. R. What defenses do plants use? Plant Defense: warding off attack by pathogens, herbivores and parasitic plants. (1ª ed.), p. 15-76. Edinburgh: Blackwell Publishing Ltda, 2011b.
WARD, E. R.; UKNES, S. J.; WILLIAMS, S. C.; DINCHER, S. S.; WIEDERHOLD, D. L.; ALEXANDER, D. C.; AHL GOY, P.; MÉTRUX, J. P.; RYALS, J. A. Coordinate gene activity in reponse to agents that induce systemic acquired resistance. Plant Cell, Rockville, v. 3, p. 1085-1094, 1991. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.3.10.1085.
WUYTS, N.; DE WAELE, D.; SWENNEN, R. Extraction and partial characterization of polyphenol oxidase from banana (Musa acuminate grandr naine) roots. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, [s. l.], v. 44, p. 308-314, 2006. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2006.06.005.
YANG, L.; WEN, K. S.; RUAN, X.; ZHAO, Y. X.; WEI, F.; WANG, Q. Response of plant secondary metabolites to environmental factors. Molecules, [s. l.], v. 23, n. 4, 2018. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040762.
ZAYNAB, M.; MAHPARA, F.; ABBAS, S.; SHARIF, Y.; UMAIR, M.; ZAFAR, M. H.; BAHADAR, K. Role of secondary metabolites in plant defense against pathogens. Microbial Pathogenesis, [s. l.], v. 2, n. 124, p. 198-202, 2018. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2018.08.034.
ZEIER, J. Age-dependent variations of local and systemic defense responses in Arabidopsis leaves towards an avirulent strain of Pseudomonas syringae. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, [s. l.], v. 66, p. 30-39, 2005. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmpp.2005.03.007.
ZHOU, F.; PICHERSKY, E. More is better: the diversity of terpene metabolism in plants. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, [s. l.], v. 55, 2020. Disponível em: https://doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2020.01.005.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Ciência ET Praxis
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License.
